Cervical cancer is caused by certain types of the human papilloma virus (HPV). HPV is a common sexually transmitted viral infection affecting an estimated 80% of sexually active women at some point in their lives. Most HPV infections clear by themselves but some high risk types can cause cell changes on the cervix that may lead to cervical cancer 10 to 20 years after infection.
RISK FACTORS
The following can increase the risk of developing the disease
¨ Sexual activity
¨ Smoking
¨ Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Daughters of women who were given the drug DES during pregnancy to prevent miscarriage are at increased risk of developing cervical cancer.
¨ Use of oral contraceptives
¨ Weakened Immune System… e.g. Diabetes or HIV
SYMPTOMS
During the early stages of cervical cancer there are often no symptoms at all but the most common symptom experienced is abnormal vaginal bleeding. Others are:
· Unusual vaginal discharge
· Pain in the pelvic area
· Excessive tiredness
· Swollen or painful legs
· Lower back pain.
DIAGNOSIS
A number of different tests are used to diagnose cervical cancer. The first step is a pelvic examination, which may be performed by a general practitioner or gynecologist. Once the results from this test are available, other tests performed by a gynecologist may include a colposcopy (with or without a biopsy) or cone biopsy.
TREATMENT
Treatment of cervical cancer depends on extent of the cancer, the stage of the disease and the woman’s age and general health. It may include some form of surgical intervention, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a combination of these treatments.
PREVENTION
¨ Cervical Screening (A pap smear at least once every 3 years)
¨ HPV Vaccine for girls at 12 years of age. For maximum protection the full three-dose course should be taken.
